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True False. However, in eukaryotes, there are several origins of replication. What is Replication? Why Is Replication so Important in Psychology? When studies are replicated and achieve the same or similar results as the original study, it gives greater validity to the findings. If a researcher can replicate a study's results, it means that it is more likely that those results can be generalized to the larger population. For example, a survey study performed by Neuliep and Crandall (1990) found that almost 94% of the sampled editors of social and behavioral science journals stated that replication studies are not included as examples of research encouraged for submission in the editorial policy of their journal. Replications of studies, such as the one in this example, are essential to demonstrate generalization and external validity. (2011) and this replication attempt are reported under the study name. This case study focuses on the New York City Charter High School for Architecture, Engineering, and Construction Industries (AECI), a charter operator. Example 3 may also be seen as applying the two treatments to two different populations (students in one school and students in the other school) Observational studies are particularly prone to pseudoreplication. Replication is the act of reproducing or copying something, or is a copy of something. According to some (e.g., Cartwright 1991), theterms “replication”, “reproduction” and“repetition” denote distinct concepts, while others usethese terms interchangeably (e.g., Atmanspacher & Maasen 2016a).Different disciplines can have different understandings of these termstoo. Although one of these studies explicitly refer-enced nonreplication as the goal, others were vaguer in their intentions. For example, after being designated “low performing” my reservation school was remediated by so-called experts who had never taught on a rural reservation. DNA is also duplicated in non-living organisms, such as a virus. Suppose you are part of a healthcare team facing a problem, for instance, regarding use and efficacy of certain "pain killer medicine" in patients before surgery. Cuddy and her colleagues responded with an overview of 33 published studies that have shown psychological and physiological effects of … DNA is duplicated in all cells overall, as in all living organisms. Therefore, the original study lacks external validity. Replication is needed to account for this variation among items and treatments. A study is (all p <0.001). When a finding in psychology has not replicated in a direct replication study, one reason might be that the original study used a small sample. The sample sizes and ratios are 336/40 = 8.40:1, 352/42 = 8.38:1, and 304/42+60 = 2.98:1. For example, only focusing on the replication studies in psychology (5) and including all replications regardless of whether replication markets were run reveals that there may be no difference in citations and citations of citing papers . And the German Research Foundation recently published a statement in which they acknowledge their responsibility in the replication crisis debate. Replication of studies is important because if the results of the experiment are not tested to see if they can be reproduced, then the public may be under the false impression that the study if correct and free of flaws. sample of replication studies that reported a nonreplication of original findings. But if we give each medication to 30 different people, then we have 30 … Finally, forecasting can also be helpful in designing an informative replication study, for example it can be used for sample size planning. The replication crisis in psychology refers to concerns about the credibility of findings in psychological science. Replication refers to having more than one experiment unit with the same treatment. The findings were in line with the previous study: VDT performance variables and driving erro rs differentiated those who went on to pass and fail the ORE. Future work … did, we failed to confirm an effect of power posing,” the replication team said. Each unit with the same treatment is known as a replicate. Without actual replication studies, it remains unclear which published results… Replication and Randomization Examples discussed in this paper are relatively simple in that they involve only 1 treatment factor (or in the regression example, 1 independent variable). Second, it's an example of how different media outlets assign catchy--but sometimes erroneous--headlines on the same study. This case study illustrates that the concepts of replication, duplication, and complementarity apply to demonstration research as well. METHODS Sample A sample of 179 married couples who had taken PREPARE as … For example, the subcommittee defined replicability as, "the ability of a researcher to duplicate the results of a prior study if the same procedures are followed but new data are collected" (Bollen et al., 2015, pg. replication failure is observed, the researcher concludes that differences in the causal estimand – due to differences in treatments, units, settings, and/or outcomes – caused variation in effect estimates. First, it's a nice example of multiple regression. Direct replication tests whether we can obtain the same results with the same task. A copy of a Monet painting is an example of areplication When publishing a replication study, researchers need to designate the type of replication conducted and the contribution the study made to the existing body of knowledge. In this study, we aimed to replicate these results with a second sample of 2,500 novice drivers. Replication in Empirical Economics: The Journal of Money, Credit and Banking Project BY WILLIAM G. DEWALD, JERRY G. THURSBY, AND RICHARD G. ANDERSON* This paper examines the role of replication in empirical economic research. The structure of common mental disorders: a replication study in a community sample of adolescents and young adults Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. In Defense of Replication … Comparison of findings can be found in Table 4 . Since perfect between-study replication (i.e. For example, DNA replication is often taught as having a single origin of replication, which, in prokaryotes, it does. Because replication is defined based on theoretical expectations, not everyone will agree that one study is a replication of another. You could construe that as a direct replication, but imagine if it didn't work after changing that element. A replication study and an original study would have a match in statistical significance if, for example, they both specified that the probability of the original and replication results occurring given the null hypothesis is less than 5%—i.e., if the p values for results in both studies are below 0.05.) As an example, consider a continuous process which produces items. Results from direct and conceptual replication studies are most interpretable when CRF assumptions are tested in controlled settings. Most original studies were con-ducted with paper and pencil, all replications were con-ducted via computer. For example, if we only give each medication to one person, we don’t have replication. We examined alignment of the ADOS-2 Toddler Module classification with clinicians' determination of ASD, with assessing cut-off scores, and confirmed the … However, creationists misunderstand the idea of reproducibility and assume that it … Conclusion Gordon et al. The debate over replication in psychological science is hardly new. Replication studies are a paradigmatic example of such advances in evidence. Wood, which I recently presented at the “Reproducibility and Integrity in Scientific Research” workshop at the University of Canterbury. First, let's talk about the multiple regression piece. Why might the sample size of a study … The original study by Bargh et al where an elderly-prime led participants to walk more slowly had 30 participants in both Study 2a and 2b, and a replication by Doyen et al had 120, ratio is only 2:1. The study of Seidel and his colleagues serves as an illustrative example of how different replication studies could be conducted in each of the eight study types. ASTM, in standard E1847, defines replication as "the repetition of the set of all the treatment combinations to be compared in an experiment. The purpose is to observe the variation expected in a test result under the normal operating conditions of the laboratory. The results of a massive replication project in psychology are published today in Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science. Cuddy and her colleagues responded with an overview of 33 published studies that have shown psychological and physiological effects of … Viruses, atoms, leg fractures, Borneo’s rhinos, economic measures, and many other study objects in the empirical sciences, have multiple instances. Regression can sometimes account for lack of replication, provided data are close enough to each other. A previous study found that task shifting and fluid intelligence, but not working memory capacity (WMC) and prior knowledge, influenced the worked example effect (Schwaighofer, Bühner, & Fischer, 2016). Determining t… If you were driving down the road and you saw a pirate standing at an intersection you might not believe your eyes. Replication (statistics) In engineering, science, and statistics, replication is the repetition of an experimental condition so that the variability associated with the phenomenon can be estimated. Finally, the higher variability observed in this study is one of the factors that could influence if statistical significance is reached, particularly since the sample size of this replication attempt was determined a priori to detect the effect based on the originally reported data. Other researchers might want to replicate the same study with younger smokers to see if they reach the same result. Recall our bathroom scale illustration of random and systematic errors in MV - The Experimental Plan, as well as the graphical descriptions in MV - The inner, hidden, deeper, secret meaning. When an experiment is repeated and the results from the original are reproduced, this is an example of a replication of the original study. Conceptual Replication and Random Factors. Exact wording for each study, including a link to the study, can be found in the supple-mentary materials. The more pirates you saw the less likely the first sighting would be a false positive (you were driving fast and the person was just wearing an unusual hat and billowy shirt) and the more likely it would b… In computational disciplines, for Equality of population means is the most commonly tested hypothesis. This differs from the file drawer bias since it is contingent on the outcomes of both the original study and the replication; it differs from the repeat study bias which is agnostic to the outcome of the replication study. Finally, forecasting can also be helpful in designing an informative replication study, for example it can be used for sample size planning. A replication experiment is typically performed by obtaining test results on 20 samples of the same material and then calculating the mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. For example, individual replication studies in the RPP took an average of 314 d from the claim date to complete analysis. For example, after being designated “low performing” my reservation school was remediated by so-called experts who had never taught on a rural reservation. The paper “Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Sample and Setting” represents the efforts of 186 researchers from 36 nations and territories to replicate 28 classic and contemporary psychology findings. Zwaan et al replicate 3 findings, and do so twice for each. The report, videos, and resources below provide charter school stakeholders with examples and tools to guide the replication decision-making process. population means for groups under study. One is whether different methods developed for similar statistical tasks produce the same results. This study conducted a conceptual replication of Fernbach et al.’s (2019) work with a nationally representative sample of internet users in China. Specifically, we describe sample replication (repeat sample), within-study replication (repeat experiment) and between-study replication (repeat study) and how each can be used within field ecology. This inflation only becomes apparent when replication studies with larger samples are available. But if you continued driving and saw a second, and then a third, you might become more confident in your observations. In a replication study one can investigate a different instance or token than the one studied in the original study; an instance … In this form, a scientist attempts to exactly recreate the scientific methods used in conditions of an earlier study to determine whether the results come out … A replication experiment is performed to estimate the imprecision or random error of the analytical method. The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, for example, has launched the world’s first national fund dedicated to replication studies. Third, it is not at all uncommon for replication studies to fail to corroborate original findings. Replication studies serve a multitude of purposes in the educational setting. Helicase is the first component of the DNA replication machinery to act during replication. Replication of a study is repeating a study’s procedure and observing if the prior findings repeat in similar conditions. Methods of measurements are almost always subject to some random variation. Consequently, research has turned to evaluating the accuracy of different methods for estimating a study’s replicability. DEFINITIONS In discussing these terms, it is important to distinguish between research projects and research programs. All of the following examples of how this study could be replicated and the potential results are entirely indicative and have no foundation in any conducted replication studies. 's investigation. 4) and reproducibilityas "the ability... to For example, they may serve to test, validate, or expand theories of knowledge acqui - sition, student conceptions, and the effect of instructional innovations. A study is considered a replication only if it is extremely similar to the original study, for example, only small, inconsequential aspects differ from what was done in the original study. In their study, the male sub-jects observed the crime under either an individual condition or a group condition, and their intervention rate was measured. This has opened up an intense debate about the role of replication study as, for example, a geologist cannot very well recreate conditions found on the primordial earth and observe rocks metamorphosing. Non-replication might be the product of scientist-error, with the newer investigation not following the original procedures closely enough. However, selecting the same sample size in the replication study as in the This has opened up an intense debate about the role of replication study as, for example, a geologist cannot very well recreate conditions found on the primordial earth and observe rocks metamorphosing. In order to have full confidence in any scientific finding, we must rely on a body of research rather than any single study. Conceptual Replication and Random Factors. Second, after a replication has been completed, its results can be compared to its forecast in order to assess compatibility between the two findings. of replication studies have been conducted to determine the reliability of the original findings. It presents the findings of a two-year study … It is thus somewhat unclear what the goal truly was in some of these cases, but what is clear is the fact that the often To inspire new research combing previous findings from related studies. To increase confidence in these findings, we report a preregistered extended replication study of Schwaighofer et al. For example, Joy-Gaba and Nosek (2010) obtained a standardized effect size estimate of d = .08 with N = 3,000 participants, the original study with N … Heath analyzes his data using a bivariate correlation, as he previously planned; however, to his frustration, he quickly learns that his results are just short of being statistically significant. Replication studies often unwelcome in psychology journals. New research shows only a small number of psychology journals encourage the submission of 'replication studies' - an important part of the scientific process where scientists try and reproduce the outcomes of previous studies to verify their results are accurate and genuine. The findings from Regent's University London and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine were published in Frontiers in Psychology. Batches of items are then processed or treated. A subset of those studies (500 studies) was randomly selected for further examination and yielded a lower replication rate of 1.07% (342 of the 500 studies [68.4%] were actually replications). … Unlike previous laboratory studies on the bystander effect (e.g., Borofsky The press coverage of this year's replication study illustrates at least two things. However, creationists misunderstand the idea of reproducibility and assume that it … Copycats in science: The role of replication: Scientists aim for their studies' findings to be replicable — so that, for example, an experiment testing ideas about the attraction between electrons and protons should yield the same results when repeated in different labs. The second study is a replication-plus-extension study in the area of cultural psychology. Practical examples of evidence factors from the health and social sciences with analyses in R. The theory of evidence factors. 1. A replication example: The Many Labs Project . There are various factors – for example, related to study methods, study reporting and the underlying incentive system for researchers – that can lead to non-reproducibility. “Using a much larger sample size but similar procedures as Carney et al. Replication and Evidence Factors in Observational Studies includes four parts: A concise introduction to causal inference, making the book self-contained. Example of direct replication and conceptual replication of Asch's conformity experiment. “Using a much larger sample size but similar procedures as Carney et al. Study design with evidence factors. Log in/Register (via ORCID - An ORCID is a persistent digital identifier for researchers) A 2016 poll of 1,500 scientists conducted by Nature reported that 70% of them had failed to reproduce at least one other scientist's experiment (including 87% of chemists, 77% of biologists, 69% of physicists and engineers, 67% of medical researchers, 64% of earth and environmental scientists, and 62% of all ot… Close replications of (or failures to replicate) previous research are published online only in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General and will be listed in the Table of Contents in the print journal. setting, Harari et al.’s ( 1985 ) replication study simulated a violent crime – rape – on a college campus. First, there is a type called “exact replication” (also called "direct replication"). If an association can be confirmed in a replication study, it will have a high confidence to be true positive. Replication Articles. In this video, Ted Miguel discusses the Many Labs Project, a multi-institutional, collaborative replication project. It is possible to submit a proposal for a project that is not yet carried out, which, if … The average yearly citation count per year for studies that were not replicated (according to pvalue of the replication) in each replication study, and for those that were replicated. The rate of successful replication was significantly higher when at least one author of the original study was part of the replication attempt (91.7% relative to 64.6%). These factors can and should be eliminated as much as possible. and replication studies. The results show that prediction markets can forecast replication outcomes above chance levels, but the value of this information is limited. This study is the first replication of the ADOS-2 Toddler Module with a large independent sample. Yes, changing some aspect of the design (using a different lineup, for example) would allow us to test the generality of a finding across items. A well-known example is the replication study conducted by epidemiologists Aiken, Davey, Hargreaves, and Hayes (2015) (published as two articles) of an impact evaluation of a health intervention conducted by economists Miguel and Kremer (2004). Another reason might be that the replication study used a small sample. Evaluation or testing of a single item does not allow for item-to-item variation and may not represent the batch or process. Similarly, the attempted replication study might, itself, have too small a sample size or insufficient statistical power to find significant results. A starting point in any philosophical exploration of reproducibilityand related notions is to consider the conceptual question of whatsuch notions mean. Repeat measurements will usually reveal slightly different results, sometimes a little higher, sometimes a little lower. This experience led me to encourage students to conduct replication studies in their MA work. Aim to replicate published studies that are relevant Similar to any other research, replication studies … We encourage all researchers planning a replication study to adopt the … To design a replication study, traditional approaches calculate power by treating replication study as another independent primary study. 2009 Dec;18(4):204-20. ( A ) Primary tumor growth between mice injected with LM-4175 cells with or without Cav1WT or Cav1KO pMEFs (meta-analysis p =0.467). The debate over replication in psychological science is hardly new. Example. The committee used the research in the three case studies as examples for its examination of replication, duplication, and complementarity. Ideally, the procedures of the replication study should be as closely matched to the original study as possible. The replication is so important in science. The replication reduces variability in experimental results. Stop of variability increases their significance and the confidence level. Finally, the researcher can draw conclusions about an experimental. (2021) conducted a meta-analysis of 103 studies that were included in prediction markets to forecast the outcome of replication studies. Sample sizes used in Goetz et al. DNA Replication Occurrence. There are different types of replication. For example, imagine that health psychologists perform an experiment showing that hypnosis can be effective in helping middle-aged smokers kick their nicotine habit. Additionally, the term replication study covers a number of variations on the replication construct. Moreover, it is not always possible to make precommitments to the diagnosticity of a study as a replication, often for the simple reason that study … What would replication mean in such studies: would it mean answering a similar question with different data and getting the same result? It works by "unzipping" the double-stranded DNA so that replication can subsequently occur. Replication is a term referring to the repetition of a research study, generally with different situations and different subjects, to determine if the basic findings of the original study can be applied to other participants and circumstances. Replication study is a commonly used verification method to filter out false positives in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Second, after a replication has been completed, its results can be compared to its forecast in order to assess compatibility between the two findings. The post is based on my paper with Benjamin D.K. Two weeks ago, on Halloween, I wrote a post about how to conduct a replication study using an approach that emphasizes which tests might be run in order to avoid the perception of a witch hunt. did, we failed to confirm an effect of power posing,” the replication team said. The relevant findings from the original studies can be found in the original proposal. Following the work of helicase, primase creates a primer to which the DNA polymerase will subsequently add deoxynucleotides and elongate the strand. Here is the short commentary that I wrote about conceptual replication for the May issue of The Psychologist (PDF), published by the British Psychological Society (which is why they spell "behaviour" that way -- although as a Canadian, I don't really object).

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